Driver Backup Tool · sothis.dev

Windows utility
More than a current-driver exporter

This version is aimed at systems that move between different hardware — especially Windows To Go. It can work with the running Windows installation, add stored third-party OEM packages for devices that are not currently present, or inspect another Windows folder as an offline driver source.
Why this tool exists
Have you ever reinstalled Windows and discovered that the driver you need is suddenly hard to find?

Drivers are easy to forget while a computer is working. They become important after a clean installation, an offline repair, or when an older device is no longer well supported by its manufacturer's download site. The problem is even worse when the required driver belongs to hardware that is not currently connected.
Do you use the same Windows To Go installation on several different computers?

Over time, that Windows installation can accumulate useful third-party drivers for many machines. Driver Backup Tool turns those already installed or stored packages into a reusable archive, including drivers for devices that may not be present at the moment you make the backup.
Keep hard-to-find driversSave working packages before reinstalling Windows or before an older vendor download disappears.
Preserve multi-PC historyBack up drivers accumulated while a Windows To Go system travels across different hardware.
Restore from the same archiveScan saved folders recursively and reinstall selected INF packages when they are needed again.
Current Windows mode

Reads installed Plug-and-Play driver metadata through Win32_PnPSignedDriver
Separates Third-Party and Microsoft drivers into different tabs
Third-party drivers are selected by default; Microsoft drivers are not
Optional “Show drivers for devices not currently present” checkbox
Absent-device list is built from third-party oem*.inf files under Windows\INF
Backs up selected current drivers with pnputil /export-driver
Offline Windows mode

Select another Windows folder such as D:\Windows
Scans System32\DriverStore\FileRepository and Windows\INF
Parses INF metadata including provider, manufacturer, class, date, version and hardware ID where available
Lists offline packages in the same selectable driver grids
Copies the selected package folders instead of trying to export them from the running OS
Restore mode

Dedicated Restore Drivers tab
Select a backup folder and recursively scan all subfolders for *.inf
Reads driver metadata directly from the INF files for a useful restore list
Choose individual packages or select/deselect all
Installs selected packages with pnputil /add-driver "...inf" /install
Shows successful and failed installation counts with error details
GUI and workflow details

Automatically offers to restart itself with Administrator rights
Hides the PowerShell console after elevation
Modern WinForms interface using Segoe UI
Columns: INF, device, provider, manufacturer, version, date, class, device ID and status
Click column headers to toggle ascending/descending sort
Right-click Copy support for selected grid cells
Continuous progress windows show the current device/package during backup, copy and restore
Skips the empty HTREE\ROOT\0 pseudo-device and entries without an INF name
Backup folders are organized as ThirdParty/Microsoft → category → provider/device/INF
Windows To Go use: enable “Show drivers for devices not currently present” when you want the running Windows installation to expose stored third-party OEM drivers belonging to hardware from previously used computers.
Administrator rights: exporting and installing driver packages requires elevation. The script asks permission to relaunch itself elevated when needed.
Typical workflow

Choose source

Use Running Windows, optionally include absent-device OEM drivers, or select an Offline Windows folder.
Select packages

Review Third-Party/Microsoft tabs, sort columns and check only the drivers you want.
Backup or restore

Export/copy selected packages, or switch to Restore Drivers and recursively load a backup folder for installation.
driverbackup_windows_to_go_v2_checkbox_fix.ps1
Download .ps1
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Drawing

[void][System.Windows.Forms.Application]::EnableVisualStyles()
[void][System.Windows.Forms.Application]::SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault($false)

$identity  = [Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent()
$principal = New-Object Security.Principal.WindowsPrincipal($identity)

if (-not $principal.IsInRole([Security.Principal.WindowsBuiltinRole]::Administrator)) {

    $res = [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
        "This script needs Administrator rights to export drivers.`n`nRestart it with elevated permissions?",
        "Driver Backup GUI",
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::YesNo,
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Question
    )

    if ($res -eq [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Yes) {
        try {
            $scriptPath = $PSCommandPath
            if (-not $scriptPath) { $scriptPath = $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path }

            $psi = New-Object System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo
            $psi.FileName  = "powershell.exe"
            $psi.Arguments = "-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File `"$scriptPath`""
            $psi.Verb      = "runas"

            [System.Diagnostics.Process]::Start($psi) | Out-Null
        } catch {
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
                "Could not restart script elevated:`n$($_.Exception.Message)",
                "Error",
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Error
            )
        }
    }

    return
}
Add-Type @"
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

public static class NativeMethods {
    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    public static extern IntPtr GetConsoleWindow();

    [DllImport("user32.dll")]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    public static extern bool ShowWindow(IntPtr hWnd, int nCmdShow);
}
"@

$hWnd = [NativeMethods]::GetConsoleWindow()
if ($hWnd -ne [IntPtr]::Zero) {

    [NativeMethods]::ShowWindow($hWnd, 0)
}

$Theme = @{
    Bg         = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(245,247,250)
    CardBg     = [System.Drawing.Color]::White
    Border     = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(210,218,228)
    Text       = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(15,23,42)
    Muted      = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(100,116,139)

    Accent     = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(0,120,212)
    AccentHover= [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(0,102,180)
    HeaderBack = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(0, 51, 102)
    TabBg      = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(235,238,244)
    TabHover   = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(225,230,238)

    GridAlt    = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(247,250,255)
    SelectBg   = [System.Drawing.Color]::FromArgb(200,230,255)
}

$Theme.Font     = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9)
$Theme.FontBold = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9, [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
$Theme.FontHint = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 8, ([System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold -bor [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Italic))

function Apply-ModernButton {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][System.Windows.Forms.Button]$Button,
        [ValidateSet('Primary','Secondary')][string]$Variant = 'Primary'
    )

    $Button.UseVisualStyleBackColor = $false
    $Button.FlatStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle]::Flat
    $Button.FlatAppearance.BorderSize = 1
    $Button.Cursor = [System.Windows.Forms.Cursors]::Hand
    $Button.Font = $Theme.FontBold

    if ($Variant -eq 'Primary') {
        $Button.BackColor = $Theme.Accent
        $Button.ForeColor = [System.Drawing.Color]::White
        $Button.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = $Theme.Accent
        $Button.Add_MouseEnter({ $this.BackColor = $Theme.AccentHover })
        $Button.Add_MouseLeave({ $this.BackColor = $Theme.Accent })
    } else {
        $Button.BackColor = $Theme.TabBg
        $Button.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
        $Button.FlatAppearance.BorderColor = $Theme.Border
        $Button.Add_MouseEnter({ $this.BackColor = $Theme.TabHover })
        $Button.Add_MouseLeave({ $this.BackColor = $Theme.TabBg })
    }
}

function Style-ProgressForm {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][System.Windows.Forms.Form]$Form
    )
    $Form.BackColor = $Theme.CardBg
    $Form.Font = $Theme.Font
}

$ColumnWidths = @{
    Check        = 24
    InfName      = 70
    DeviceName   = 220
    ProviderName = 90
    Manufacturer = 90
    DriverVersion= 100
    DriverDate   = 65
    DeviceClass  = 120
    DeviceID     = 300
    Status       = 90
}

function Sanitize-Name {
    param([string]$Name)
    if (-not $Name) { return "Unknown" }
    $invalid = [System.IO.Path]::GetInvalidFileNameChars() + [System.IO.Path]::GetInvalidPathChars()
    $clean = $Name
    foreach ($c in $invalid) {
        $pattern = [regex]::Escape([string]$c)
        $clean = $clean -replace $pattern, ""
    }
    $clean = $clean.Trim()
    $maxLen = 80
    if ($clean.Length -gt $maxLen) { $clean = $clean.Substring(0, $maxLen) }
    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($clean)) { $clean = "Unknown" }
    return $clean
}

function Get-CategoryName {
    param([string]$DeviceClass)
    if (-not $DeviceClass) { return "Other" }
    $dc = $DeviceClass.ToUpperInvariant()
    switch ($dc) {
        'NET'         { 'Network' }
        'MEDIA'       { 'Sound' }
        'DISPLAY'     { 'Display' }
        'HIDCLASS'    { 'Input' }
        'USB'         { 'USB' }
        'PORTS'       { 'Ports' }
        'SYSTEM'      { 'System' }
        'HDC'         { 'StorageController' }
        'SCSIADAPTER' { 'StorageController' }
        default       { Sanitize-Name $DeviceClass }
    }
}

function Get-DriverList {
    try {
        $raw = Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver -ErrorAction Stop
    } catch {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "Error reading driver list from WMI:`n$($_.Exception.Message)",
            "Error",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Error
        )
        return @()
    }

    foreach ($d in $raw) {

        if ($d.DeviceID -eq 'HTREE\ROOT\0' -or [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($d.InfName)) {
            continue
        }

        $date = $null
        if ($d.DriverDate) {
            try { $date = [System.Management.ManagementDateTimeConverter]::ToDateTime($d.DriverDate) } catch {}
        }

        [PSCustomObject]@{
            InfName       = $d.InfName
            DeviceName    = $d.DeviceName
            ProviderName  = $d.DriverProviderName
            Manufacturer  = $d.Manufacturer
            DriverVersion = $d.DriverVersion
            DriverDate    = $date
            DeviceClass   = $d.DeviceClass
            DeviceID      = $d.DeviceID
            Status        = "Present"
        }
    }
}

$allDrivers        = Get-DriverList
$thirdPartyDrivers = $allDrivers | Where-Object { $_.ProviderName -notlike "*Microsoft*" }
$microsoftDrivers  = $allDrivers | Where-Object { $_.ProviderName -like "*Microsoft*" }

$driverByInf = @{}
foreach ($d in $allDrivers) {
    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($d.InfName)) { continue }
    if (-not $driverByInf.ContainsKey($d.InfName)) { $driverByInf[$d.InfName] = $d }
}

$script:DriverSourceMode = 'Current'
$script:OfflineWindowsRoot = $null

$script:SortStates = @{}

function Handle-HeaderClick {
    param(
        [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$Grid,
        [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellMouseEventArgs]$EventArgs
    )
    $colIndex = $EventArgs.ColumnIndex
    if ($colIndex -eq 0) { return }
    $col = $Grid.Columns[$colIndex]
    $gridKey  = if ($Grid.Name) { $Grid.Name } else { "Grid" }
    $colKey   = if ($col.Name)  { $col.Name }  else { "Col$colIndex" }
    $stateKey = "${gridKey}:${colKey}"
    $prev = $script:SortStates[$stateKey]
    if (-not $prev -or $prev -eq 'Desc') {
        $newState = 'Asc'
        $dir   = [System.ComponentModel.ListSortDirection]::Ascending
        $glyph = [System.Windows.Forms.SortOrder]::Ascending
    } else {
        $newState = 'Desc'
        $dir   = [System.ComponentModel.ListSortDirection]::Descending
        $glyph = [System.Windows.Forms.SortOrder]::Descending
    }
    $script:SortStates[$stateKey] = $newState
    foreach ($c in $Grid.Columns) {
        if ($c.Index -ne 0) { $c.HeaderCell.SortGlyphDirection = [System.Windows.Forms.SortOrder]::None }
    }
    $Grid.Sort($col, $dir)
    $col.HeaderCell.SortGlyphDirection = $glyph
}

function New-DriverGrid {
    $grid = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView
    $grid.AllowUserToAddRows = $false
    $grid.AllowUserToDeleteRows = $false
    $grid.MultiSelect = $true
    $grid.SelectionMode = 'CellSelect'
    $grid.ReadOnly = $false
    $grid.EditMode = 'EditOnEnter'
    $grid.ClipboardCopyMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewClipboardCopyMode]::EnableWithoutHeaderText
    $grid.AutoSizeColumnsMode = 'None'
    $grid.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode = 'AutoSize'
    $grid.Anchor = 'Top,Left,Right,Bottom'
    $grid.RowHeadersVisible = $false
    $grid.ScrollBars = 'Both'
    $grid.BorderStyle = 'None'
    $grid.GridColor = $Theme.Border
    $grid.BackgroundColor = $Theme.CardBg

$grid.CellBorderStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellBorderStyle]::SingleHorizontal
$grid.ColumnHeadersBorderStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewHeaderBorderStyle]::None
    $headerStyle = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellStyle
    $headerStyle.BackColor = $Theme.HeaderBack
    $headerStyle.ForeColor = [System.Drawing.Color]::White
    $headerStyle.Font      = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
    $headerStyle.Alignment = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewContentAlignment]::MiddleLeft
    $grid.ColumnHeadersDefaultCellStyle = $headerStyle
    $grid.EnableHeadersVisualStyles = $false

    $rowStyle = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellStyle
    $rowStyle.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9)
    $rowStyle.SelectionBackColor = $Theme.SelectBg
    $rowStyle.SelectionForeColor = [System.Drawing.Color]::Black
    $grid.DefaultCellStyle = $rowStyle

    $altStyle = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellStyle
    $altStyle.BackColor = $Theme.GridAlt
    $grid.AlternatingRowsDefaultCellStyle = $altStyle

    $colCheck = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCheckBoxColumn
    $colCheck.Name       = "Check"
    $colCheck.HeaderText = ""
    $colCheck.TrueValue  = $true
    $colCheck.FalseValue = $false
    $colCheck.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::NotSortable
    $colCheck.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colCheck.Width = $ColumnWidths.Check
    $checkStyle = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellStyle
    $checkStyle.Alignment = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewContentAlignment]::MiddleCenter
    $colCheck.DefaultCellStyle = $checkStyle
    $grid.Columns.Add($colCheck) | Out-Null

    $colInf = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colInf.Name       = "InfName"
    $colInf.HeaderText = "INF Name"
    $colInf.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colInf.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colInf.Width      = $ColumnWidths.InfName
    $grid.Columns.Add($colInf) | Out-Null

    $colDev = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colDev.Name       = "DeviceName"
    $colDev.HeaderText = "Device"
    $colDev.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colDev.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colDev.Width      = $ColumnWidths.DeviceName
    $grid.Columns.Add($colDev) | Out-Null

    $colProv = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colProv.Name       = "ProviderName"
    $colProv.HeaderText = "Provider"
    $colProv.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colProv.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colProv.Width      = $ColumnWidths.ProviderName
    $grid.Columns.Add($colProv) | Out-Null

    $colMan = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colMan.Name       = "Manufacturer"
    $colMan.HeaderText = "Manufacturer"
    $colMan.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colMan.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colMan.Width      = $ColumnWidths.Manufacturer
    $grid.Columns.Add($colMan) | Out-Null

    $colVer = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colVer.Name       = "DriverVersion"
    $colVer.HeaderText = "Version"
    $colVer.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colVer.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colVer.Width      = $ColumnWidths.DriverVersion
    $grid.Columns.Add($colVer) | Out-Null

    $colDate = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colDate.Name       = "DriverDate"
    $colDate.HeaderText = "Date"
    $colDate.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colDate.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colDate.Width      = $ColumnWidths.DriverDate
    $grid.Columns.Add($colDate) | Out-Null

    $colClass = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colClass.Name       = "DeviceClass"
    $colClass.HeaderText = "Class"
    $colClass.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colClass.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colClass.Width      = $ColumnWidths.DeviceClass
    $grid.Columns.Add($colClass) | Out-Null

    $colId = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colId.Name       = "DeviceID"
    $colId.HeaderText = "Device ID"
    $colId.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colId.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colId.Width      = $ColumnWidths.DeviceID
    $grid.Columns.Add($colId) | Out-Null

    $colStatus = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    $colStatus.Name       = "Status"
    $colStatus.HeaderText = "Status"
    $colStatus.SortMode   = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnSortMode]::Programmatic
    $colStatus.AutoSizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode]::None
    $colStatus.Width      = $ColumnWidths.Status
    $grid.Columns.Add($colStatus) | Out-Null

    $grid.Add_EditingControlShowing({
        param($sender, $e)
        $tb = $e.Control -as [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxEditingControl]
        if ($tb -ne $null) { $tb.ReadOnly = $true }
    })

    $cms = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.ContextMenuStrip
    $cms.Tag = $grid
    $miCopy = $cms.Items.Add("Copy")
    $miCopy.Add_Click({
        param($sender, $e)
        $cmsLocal = $sender.GetCurrentParent()
        $g = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$cmsLocal.Tag
        $tb = $g.EditingControl -as [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxEditingControl]
        if ($tb -and $tb.SelectionLength -gt 0) {
            [System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::SetText($tb.SelectedText)
            return
        }
        $selectedCount = $g.GetCellCount([System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewElementStates]::Selected)
        if ($selectedCount -gt 0) {
            $sb = New-Object System.Text.StringBuilder
            $rows = $g.SelectedCells | Sort-Object RowIndex, ColumnIndex | Group-Object RowIndex
            foreach ($rg in $rows) {
                $first = $true
                foreach ($cell in $rg.Group | Sort-Object ColumnIndex) {
                    if (-not $first) { [void]$sb.Append("`t") }
                    [void]$sb.Append([string]$cell.Value)
                    $first = $false
                }
                [void]$sb.AppendLine()
            }
            [System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::SetText($sb.ToString())
        }
    })
    $grid.ContextMenuStrip = $cms

    $grid.Add_MouseDown({
        param($sender, $e)
        if ($e.Button -eq [System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons]::Right) {
            $hit = $sender.HitTest($e.X, $e.Y)
            if ($hit.RowIndex -ge 0 -and $hit.ColumnIndex -ge 0) {
                $sender.ClearSelection()
                $sender.CurrentCell = $sender.Rows[$hit.RowIndex].Cells[$hit.ColumnIndex]
                $sender.Rows[$hit.RowIndex].Cells[$hit.ColumnIndex].Selected = $true
            }
        }
    })
    return $grid
}

function Add-SelectAllCheckbox {
    param(
        [System.Windows.Forms.TabPage]$Tab,
        [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$Grid,
        [bool]$DefaultChecked
    )
    $cb = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox
    $cb.Text = "Select / Deselect All"
    $cb.AutoSize = $true
    $cb.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(10, 5)
    $cb.Anchor = 'Top,Left'
    $cb.Checked = $DefaultChecked
    $cb.Tag = $Grid

$cb.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
$cb.FlatStyle  = [System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle]::Flat
    $lblHint = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
    $lblHint.Text = "Tip: Click column headers to sort ascending/descending."
    $lblHint.AutoSize = $true
    $lblHint.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(170, 7)
    $lblHint.Anchor = 'Top,Left'
    $lblHint.ForeColor = $Theme.Muted
    $fs = [System.Drawing.FontStyle](
        [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold -bor [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Italic
    )
    $lblHint.Font = $Theme.FontHint

    $cb.Add_CheckedChanged({
        param($sender, $e)
        $gridRef = [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$sender.Tag
        if ($null -eq $gridRef) { return }
        $check = $sender.Checked
        foreach ($row in $gridRef.Rows) {
            $row.Cells[0].Value = $check
        }
    })

    $Grid.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(0, 30)
    $Grid.Anchor   = 'Top,Left,Right,Bottom'
    $w = [int]$Tab.ClientSize.Width
    $h = [int]$Tab.ClientSize.Height - 35
    if ($h -lt 50) { $h = 50 }
    $Grid.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size($w, $h)

    $Tab.Controls.Add($cb)
    $Tab.Controls.Add($lblHint)
    $Tab.Controls.Add($Grid)
}

$form = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
$form.Text = "Driver Backup GUI"
$form.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(1100, 600)
$form.StartPosition = 'CenterScreen'
$form.MinimumSize   = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(900, 500)
$form.Font          = $Theme.Font
$form.BackColor     = $Theme.Bg

$form.DoubleBuffered = $true
$tabControl = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.TabControl
$tabControl.BackColor = $Theme.Bg
$tabControl.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(10, 60)
$tabControl.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(1060, 450)
$tabControl.Anchor = 'Top,Left,Right,Bottom'

$tabControl.DrawMode = [System.Windows.Forms.TabDrawMode]::Normal
$tabControl.SizeMode = [System.Windows.Forms.TabSizeMode]::Normal

$grpSource = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox
$grpSource.Text = "Driver source"
$grpSource.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(10, 8)
$grpSource.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(1060, 46)
$grpSource.Anchor = 'Top,Left,Right'
$grpSource.BackColor = $Theme.Bg
$grpSource.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
$grpSource.Font = $Theme.Font

$rbCurrentWindows = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton
$rbCurrentWindows.Text = "Running Windows"
$rbCurrentWindows.AutoSize = $true
$rbCurrentWindows.Checked = $true
$rbCurrentWindows.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 18)
$rbCurrentWindows.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
$rbCurrentWindows.FlatStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle]::Flat

$rbOfflineWindows = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton
$rbOfflineWindows.Text = "Offline Windows folder"
$rbOfflineWindows.AutoSize = $true
$rbOfflineWindows.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(145, 18)
$rbOfflineWindows.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
$rbOfflineWindows.FlatStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle]::Flat

$txtOfflineWindows = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
$txtOfflineWindows.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(305, 16)
$txtOfflineWindows.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(390, 22)
$txtOfflineWindows.Anchor = 'Top,Left,Right'
$txtOfflineWindows.Enabled = $false
$txtOfflineWindows.Font = $Theme.Font

$btnBrowseOfflineWindows = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Text = "Browse..."
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(85, 24)
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(705, 14)
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Enabled = $false
$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 8,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
Apply-ModernButton -Button $btnBrowseOfflineWindows -Variant 'Secondary'

$btnReloadSource = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
$btnReloadSource.Text = "Reload"
$btnReloadSource.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(75, 24)
$btnReloadSource.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(798, 14)
$btnReloadSource.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$btnReloadSource.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 8,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
Apply-ModernButton -Button $btnReloadSource -Variant 'Secondary'

$lblSourceStatus = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
$lblSourceStatus.Text = "Source: running Windows"
$lblSourceStatus.AutoSize = $false
$lblSourceStatus.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(882, 18)
$lblSourceStatus.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(165, 18)
$lblSourceStatus.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$lblSourceStatus.ForeColor = $Theme.Muted
$lblSourceStatus.Font = $Theme.Font

$grpSource.Controls.Add($rbCurrentWindows)
$grpSource.Controls.Add($rbOfflineWindows)
$grpSource.Controls.Add($txtOfflineWindows)
$grpSource.Controls.Add($btnBrowseOfflineWindows)
$grpSource.Controls.Add($btnReloadSource)
$grpSource.Controls.Add($lblSourceStatus)
$form.Controls.Add($grpSource)

$tabThird = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.TabPage
$tabThird.Text = "Third-Party Drivers"
$tabThird.BackColor = $Theme.CardBg

$tabMs = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.TabPage
$tabMs.Text = "Microsoft Drivers"
$tabMs.BackColor = $Theme.CardBg

$tabRestore = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.TabPage
$tabRestore.Text = "Restore Drivers"
$tabRestore.BackColor = $Theme.CardBg

$gridThird = New-DriverGrid
$gridThird.Name = "ThirdGrid"
$gridMs = New-DriverGrid
$gridMs.Name = "MsGrid"
$gridRestore = New-DriverGrid
$gridRestore.Name = "RestoreGrid"

[void]$tabControl.TabPages.Add($tabThird)
[void]$tabControl.TabPages.Add($tabMs)
[void]$tabControl.TabPages.Add($tabRestore)
$form.Controls.Add($tabControl)

Add-SelectAllCheckbox -Tab $tabThird   -Grid $gridThird   -DefaultChecked $true
Add-SelectAllCheckbox -Tab $tabMs      -Grid $gridMs      -DefaultChecked $false
Add-SelectAllCheckbox -Tab $tabRestore -Grid $gridRestore -DefaultChecked $false

$chkShowNotPresent = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox
$chkShowNotPresent.Text = "Show drivers for devices not currently present"
$chkShowNotPresent.AutoSize = $false
$chkShowNotPresent.Size = [System.Drawing.Size]::new(340, 22)
$chkShowNotPresent.ForeColor = $Theme.Text
$chkShowNotPresent.BackColor = $Theme.CardBg
$chkShowNotPresent.Font = $Theme.Font
$chkShowNotPresent.FlatStyle = [System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle]::Standard
$chkShowNotPresent.Checked = $false
$chkShowNotPresent.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$tabThird.Controls.Add($chkShowNotPresent)

function Update-ThirdPartyTopControlsLayout {
    $x = [Math]::Max(500, ([int]$tabThird.ClientSize.Width - [int]$chkShowNotPresent.Width - 10))
    $chkShowNotPresent.Location = [System.Drawing.Point]::new($x, 3)
    $chkShowNotPresent.BringToFront()
}

Update-ThirdPartyTopControlsLayout
$tabThird.Add_Resize({ Update-ThirdPartyTopControlsLayout })

$script:RestoreRoot = $null

$btnSelectRestore = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
$btnSelectRestore.Text = "Select restore folder"
$btnSelectRestore.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(160, 24)
$btnSelectRestore.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(690, 3)
$btnSelectRestore.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$btnSelectRestore.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 8,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
Apply-ModernButton -Button $btnSelectRestore -Variant 'Secondary'

$btnInstall = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
$btnInstall.Text = "Install selected"
$btnInstall.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(150, 24)
$btnInstall.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(860, 3)
$btnInstall.Anchor = 'Top,Right'
$btnInstall.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 8,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
Apply-ModernButton -Button $btnInstall -Variant 'Primary'

$tabRestore.Controls.Add($btnSelectRestore)
$tabRestore.Controls.Add($btnInstall)

function Update-RestoreButtonsLayout {
    param([System.Windows.Forms.TabPage]$Tab)
    if (-not $Tab) { return }
    $margin = 10

    $btnInstall.Left = [Math]::Max($margin, $Tab.ClientSize.Width - $btnInstall.Width - $margin)
    $btnSelectRestore.Left = [Math]::Max($margin, $btnInstall.Left - $btnSelectRestore.Width - $margin)
    $btnInstall.Top = 3
    $btnSelectRestore.Top = 3
    $btnInstall.BringToFront()
    $btnSelectRestore.BringToFront()
}

Update-RestoreButtonsLayout -Tab $tabRestore
$tabRestore.Add_Resize({ Update-RestoreButtonsLayout -Tab $tabRestore })
$tabControl.Add_SelectedIndexChanged({
    if ($tabControl.SelectedTab -eq $tabRestore) { Update-RestoreButtonsLayout -Tab $tabRestore }
    if ($tabControl.SelectedTab -eq $tabThird) { Update-ThirdPartyTopControlsLayout }
})

$btnBackup = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
$btnBackup.Text = "Backup selected drivers"
$btnBackup.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(220, 32)
$btnBackup.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(10, 520)
$btnBackup.Anchor = 'Left,Bottom'
$btnBackup.Font   = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9,[System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)
Apply-ModernButton -Button $btnBackup -Variant 'Primary'

$lblInfo = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
$lblInfo.Text = "Note: Backup uses 'pnputil /export-driver'. This script must run as Administrator."
$lblInfo.AutoSize = $true
$lblInfo.Font = $Theme.Font
$lblInfo.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(250, 525)
$lblInfo.Anchor = 'Left,Bottom'
$lblInfo.ForeColor = $Theme.Muted

$form.Controls.Add($btnBackup)
$form.Controls.Add($lblInfo)

function Populate-Grid {
    param(
        [System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$Grid,
        [System.Collections.IEnumerable]$Drivers,
        [bool]$DefaultChecked = $true
    )
    $Grid.Rows.Clear()
    foreach ($d in $Drivers) {
        $rowIndex = $Grid.Rows.Add()
        $row = $Grid.Rows[$rowIndex]
        $row.Cells[0].Value = $DefaultChecked
        $row.Cells[1].Value = $d.InfName
        $row.Cells[2].Value = $d.DeviceName
        $row.Cells[3].Value = $d.ProviderName
        $row.Cells[4].Value = $d.Manufacturer
        $row.Cells[5].Value = $d.DriverVersion
        $row.Cells[6].Value = if ($d.DriverDate -is [DateTime]) { $d.DriverDate.ToShortDateString() } elseif ($d.DriverDate) { [string]$d.DriverDate } else { "" }
        $row.Cells[7].Value = $d.DeviceClass
        $row.Cells[8].Value = $d.DeviceID
        $row.Cells[9].Value = if ($d.PSObject.Properties.Match('Status').Count -gt 0) { [string]$d.Status } else { "" }

        if ($d.PSObject.Properties.Match('InfPath').Count -gt 0) {
            $row.Tag = $d.InfPath
        } else {
            $row.Tag = $null
        }
    }
}

Populate-Grid -Grid $gridThird -Drivers $thirdPartyDrivers -DefaultChecked $true
Populate-Grid -Grid $gridMs    -Drivers $microsoftDrivers  -DefaultChecked $false

$gridThird.Add_ColumnHeaderMouseClick({
    param($sender, $e)
    Handle-HeaderClick -Grid $sender -EventArgs $e
})
$gridMs.Add_ColumnHeaderMouseClick({
    param($sender, $e)
    Handle-HeaderClick -Grid $sender -EventArgs $e
})

$gridRestore.Add_ColumnHeaderMouseClick({
    param($sender, $e)
    Handle-HeaderClick -Grid $sender -EventArgs $e
})

function Get-SelectedInfNames {
    param([System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$Grid)
    $list = @()
    foreach ($row in $Grid.Rows) {
        if ($row.Cells[0].Value -eq $true) {
            $inf = $row.Cells[1].Value
            if ($inf -and ($inf -is [string])) { $list += $inf }
        }
    }
    return $list
}

function Resolve-InfStringToken {
    param([string]$Value, [hashtable]$Strings)

    if (-not $Value) { return "" }
    $v = $Value.Trim()
    $v = $v.Trim('"')

    $v = [regex]::Replace($v, '%([^%]+)%', {
        param($m)
        $key = $m.Groups[1].Value
        if ($Strings -and $Strings.ContainsKey($key)) { return $Strings[$key] }
        return $m.Value
    })

    return $v.Trim().Trim('"')
}

function Get-InfSectionValue {
    param(
        [string[]]$Lines,
        [string]$SectionName,
        [string]$KeyName
    )

    if (-not $Lines) { return $null }
    $sec = $SectionName.Trim()
    $key = $KeyName.Trim()

    $in = $false
    foreach ($line0 in $Lines) {
        $line = ($line0 -replace ';.*$','').Trim()
        if (-not $line) { continue }

        if ($line -match '^\[(.+?)\]\s*$') {
            $in = ($matches[1].Trim() -ieq $sec)
            continue
        }

        if (-not $in) { continue }

        if ($line -match '^\s*' + [regex]::Escape($key) + '\s*=\s*(.+?)\s*$') {
            return $matches[1].Trim()
        }
    }

    return $null
}

function Get-InfStringsTable {
    param([string[]]$Lines)

    $tbl = @{}
    if (-not $Lines) { return $tbl }

    $in = $false
    foreach ($line0 in $Lines) {
        $line = ($line0 -replace ';.*$','').Trim()
        if (-not $line) { continue }

        if ($line -match '^\[(.+?)\]\s*$') {
            $section = $matches[1].Trim()
            $in = ($section -imatch '^Strings(?:\..+)?$')
            continue
        }

        if (-not $in) { continue }

        if ($line -match '^\s*([^=]+?)\s*=\s*(.+?)\s*$') {
            $k = $matches[1].Trim()
            $v = $matches[2].Trim().Trim('"')
            if (-not $tbl.ContainsKey($k)) { $tbl[$k] = $v }
        }
    }

    return $tbl
}

function Get-InfFirstHardwareId {
    param([string[]]$Lines)

    if (-not $Lines) { return "" }

    foreach ($line0 in $Lines) {
        $line = ($line0 -replace ';.*$','').Trim()
        if (-not $line) { continue }

        $m = [regex]::Match($line, '(?i)\b(PCI|USB|HID|ACPI|BTH|SWD|SCSI|IDE)\\[A-Z0-9_&\\\-\.]+')
        if ($m.Success) {
            $id = $m.Value.ToUpperInvariant()
            if ($id -like 'ROOT\*') { continue }
            if ($id -like 'HTREE\*') { continue }
            return $id
        }
    }

    return ""
}

function Get-InfFirstDeviceDescription {
    param([string[]]$Lines, [hashtable]$Strings)

    if (-not $Lines) { return "" }

    foreach ($line0 in $Lines) {
        $line = ($line0 -replace ';.*$','').Trim()
        if (-not $line -or $line.StartsWith('[')) { continue }

        if ($line -match '^\s*([^=]+?)\s*=\s*[^,]+,\s*((?:PCI|USB|HID|ACPI|BTH|SWD|SCSI|IDE)\\[^,\s]+)') {
            $desc = Resolve-InfStringToken -Value $matches[1].Trim() -Strings $Strings
            if ($desc -and $desc -notmatch '^%.*%$') { return $desc }
        }
    }

    return ""
}

function Get-RestoreDriverFromInf {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][string]$InfPath,
        [string]$FallbackProvider,
        [string]$FallbackDevice,
        [string]$FallbackCategory,
        [string]$Status = ""
    )

    $lines = @()
    try { $lines = Get-Content -LiteralPath $InfPath -ErrorAction Stop } catch { $lines = @() }

    $strings = Get-InfStringsTable -Lines $lines

    $provRaw  = Get-InfSectionValue -Lines $lines -SectionName 'Version' -KeyName 'Provider'
    $manuRaw  = Get-InfSectionValue -Lines $lines -SectionName 'Version' -KeyName 'Manufacturer'
    $classRaw = Get-InfSectionValue -Lines $lines -SectionName 'Version' -KeyName 'Class'
    $verRaw   = Get-InfSectionValue -Lines $lines -SectionName 'Version' -KeyName 'DriverVer'

    $provider = Resolve-InfStringToken -Value $provRaw -Strings $strings
    $manuf    = Resolve-InfStringToken -Value $manuRaw -Strings $strings
    $class    = Resolve-InfStringToken -Value $classRaw -Strings $strings

    if (-not $provider) { $provider = $FallbackProvider }
    if (-not $manuf)    { $manuf = $provider }

    $device = $FallbackDevice
    if (-not $device) { $device = Get-InfFirstDeviceDescription -Lines $lines -Strings $strings }
    if (-not $device) { $device = (Split-Path $InfPath -LeafBase) }

    $driverDate = ""
    $driverVer  = ""
    if ($verRaw) {
        $vr = Resolve-InfStringToken -Value $verRaw -Strings $strings

        $parts = $vr -split ','
        if ($parts.Length -ge 1) { $driverDate = $parts[0].Trim() }
        if ($parts.Length -ge 2) { $driverVer  = $parts[1].Trim() }
    }

    $deviceClass = if ($FallbackCategory) { $FallbackCategory } elseif ($class) { $class } else { "Other" }
    $hwid = Get-InfFirstHardwareId -Lines $lines

    [PSCustomObject]@{
        InfName       = (Split-Path $InfPath -Leaf)
        DeviceName    = $device
        ProviderName  = $provider
        Manufacturer  = $manuf
        DriverVersion = $driverVer
        DriverDate    = $driverDate
        DeviceClass   = $deviceClass
        DeviceID      = $hwid
        Status        = $Status
        InfPath       = $InfPath
    }
}

function Get-RestoreDriversFromFolder {
    param([Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][string]$RootFolder)

    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $RootFolder -PathType Container)) { return @() }

    $rootResolved = (Resolve-Path -LiteralPath $RootFolder).Path.TrimEnd('\')
    $infFiles = @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $rootResolved -Recurse -File -Filter '*.inf' -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
    if ($infFiles.Count -eq 0) { return @() }

    $out = @()

    foreach ($inf in $infFiles) {
        $infPath = $inf.FullName

        $fallbackProvider = ""
        $fallbackDevice   = ""
        $fallbackCategory = ""

        $folderName = Split-Path $inf.DirectoryName -Leaf

        if ($folderName -match '^(.*?)\s*-\s*(.*?)\s*\[(.+?)\]\s*$') {
            $fallbackProvider = $matches[1].Trim()
            $fallbackDevice   = $matches[2].Trim()
        } else {
            $fallbackDevice = $folderName
        }

        try {
            $rel = $inf.DirectoryName.Substring($rootResolved.Length).TrimStart('\')
            $segs = $rel -split '[\\/]'
            if ($segs.Length -ge 1) {
                if ($segs[0] -in @('Microsoft','ThirdParty')) {
                    if ($segs.Length -ge 2) { $fallbackCategory = $segs[1] }
                } else {
                    $fallbackCategory = $segs[0]
                }
            }
        } catch {}

        $out += Get-RestoreDriverFromInf -InfPath $infPath -FallbackProvider $fallbackProvider -FallbackDevice $fallbackDevice -FallbackCategory $fallbackCategory -Status "Restore Source"
    }

    return $out
}

function Get-SelectedRestoreItems {
    param([System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView]$Grid)

    $items = @()
    foreach ($row in $Grid.Rows) {
        if ($row.Cells[0].Value -eq $true) {
            $path = $row.Tag
            if ($path -and ($path -is [string])) {
                $items += [PSCustomObject]@{
                    InfPath    = $path
                    DeviceName = [string]$row.Cells[2].Value
                    InfName    = [string]$row.Cells[1].Value
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return $items
}


function Get-OfflineWindowsDriverList {
    param([Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][string]$WindowsRoot)

    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($WindowsRoot)) { return @() }
    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $WindowsRoot -PathType Container)) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "Selected folder does not exist:`n$WindowsRoot",
            "Offline Windows",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
        )
        return @()
    }

    $system32 = Join-Path $WindowsRoot "System32"
    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $system32 -PathType Container)) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "The selected folder does not look like a Windows folder.`n`nExpected subfolder not found:`n$system32",
            "Offline Windows",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
        )
        return @()
    }

    $scanRoots = @()
    $driverStore = Join-Path $WindowsRoot "System32\DriverStore\FileRepository"
    $infRoot = Join-Path $WindowsRoot "INF"

    if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $driverStore -PathType Container) { $scanRoots += $driverStore }
    if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $infRoot -PathType Container) { $scanRoots += $infRoot }

    if ($scanRoots.Count -eq 0) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "No driver INF folders were found under the selected Windows folder.",
            "Offline Windows",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
        )
        return @()
    }

    $infFiles = @()
    foreach ($root in $scanRoots) {
        $infFiles += @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $root -Recurse -File -Filter '*.inf' -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
    }

    if ($infFiles.Count -eq 0) { return @() }

    $seen = @{}
    $out = @()

    foreach ($inf in $infFiles) {
        $full = $inf.FullName
        $key = $full.ToLowerInvariant()
        if ($seen.ContainsKey($key)) { continue }
        $seen[$key] = $true

        $fallbackProvider = ""
        $fallbackDevice   = ""
        $fallbackCategory = ""
        $folderName = Split-Path $inf.DirectoryName -Leaf

        if ($folderName -match '^(.*?)\s*-\s*(.*?)\s*\[(.+?)\]\s*$') {
            $fallbackProvider = $matches[1].Trim()
            $fallbackDevice   = $matches[2].Trim()
        } else {
            $fallbackDevice = $folderName
        }

        try {
            if ($full.StartsWith($driverStore, [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
                $fallbackCategory = "DriverStore"
            } elseif ($full.StartsWith($infRoot, [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
                $fallbackCategory = "INF"
            }
        } catch {}

        $out += Get-RestoreDriverFromInf -InfPath $full -FallbackProvider $fallbackProvider -FallbackDevice $fallbackDevice -FallbackCategory $fallbackCategory -Status "Offline"
    }

    return $out
}

function Get-CurrentWindowsNotPresentDrivers {
    param([System.Collections.IEnumerable]$PresentDrivers)

    $presentInf = @{}
    foreach ($d in $PresentDrivers) {
        if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($d.InfName)) {
            $presentInf[$d.InfName.ToLowerInvariant()] = $true
        }
    }

    $infRoot = Join-Path $env:WINDIR 'INF'
    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $infRoot -PathType Container)) { return @() }

    $infFiles = @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $infRoot -File -Filter 'oem*.inf' -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
    $out = @()

    foreach ($inf in $infFiles) {
        if ($presentInf.ContainsKey($inf.Name.ToLowerInvariant())) { continue }

        $drv = Get-RestoreDriverFromInf -InfPath $inf.FullName -Status "Not Present"
        if ($null -eq $drv) { continue }

        if ($drv.ProviderName -and ($drv.ProviderName -like '*Microsoft*')) { continue }

        $out += $drv
    }

    return $out
}

function Rebuild-DriverIndex {
    param([System.Collections.IEnumerable]$Drivers)

    $script:driverByInf = @{}
    foreach ($d in $Drivers) {
        if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($d.InfName)) { continue }
        if (-not $script:driverByInf.ContainsKey($d.InfName)) { $script:driverByInf[$d.InfName] = $d }
    }
}

function Load-DriverSource {
    param(
        [ValidateSet('Current','Offline')][string]$Mode,
        [string]$WindowsRoot,
        [bool]$ShowMessage = $true
    )

    $drivers = @()

    if ($Mode -eq 'Current') {
        $presentDrivers = @(Get-DriverList)
        $drivers = @($presentDrivers)

        if ($chkShowNotPresent -and $chkShowNotPresent.Checked) {
            $drivers += @(Get-CurrentWindowsNotPresentDrivers -PresentDrivers $presentDrivers)
        }

        $script:DriverSourceMode = 'Current'
        $script:OfflineWindowsRoot = $null
        $lblSourceStatus.Text = if ($chkShowNotPresent -and $chkShowNotPresent.Checked) { "Source: running Windows + stored OEM drivers" } else { "Source: running Windows" }
        $lblInfo.Text = "Note: Backup uses 'pnputil /export-driver'. Not Present entries are third-party oem*.inf packages stored under Windows\INF."
    } else {
        $drivers = @(Get-OfflineWindowsDriverList -WindowsRoot $WindowsRoot)
        if (-not $drivers -or $drivers.Count -eq 0) { return }
        $script:DriverSourceMode = 'Offline'
        $script:OfflineWindowsRoot = $WindowsRoot
        $lblSourceStatus.Text = "Offline: " + (Split-Path $WindowsRoot -Leaf)
        $lblInfo.Text = "Note: Offline Windows mode lists INF packages from the selected Windows folder. Backup copies the selected package folders."
    }

    $script:allDrivers = $drivers
    $script:thirdPartyDrivers = $drivers | Where-Object { $_.ProviderName -notlike "*Microsoft*" }
    $script:microsoftDrivers  = $drivers | Where-Object { $_.ProviderName -like "*Microsoft*" }
    Rebuild-DriverIndex -Drivers $drivers

    Populate-Grid -Grid $gridThird -Drivers $script:thirdPartyDrivers -DefaultChecked $true
    Populate-Grid -Grid $gridMs    -Drivers $script:microsoftDrivers  -DefaultChecked $false

    foreach ($c in $gridThird.Columns) { if ($c.Index -ne 0) { $c.HeaderCell.SortGlyphDirection = [System.Windows.Forms.SortOrder]::None } }
    foreach ($c in $gridMs.Columns)    { if ($c.Index -ne 0) { $c.HeaderCell.SortGlyphDirection = [System.Windows.Forms.SortOrder]::None } }

    if ($ShowMessage) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "Drivers loaded: $($drivers.Count)`nThird-party: $($script:thirdPartyDrivers.Count)`nMicrosoft: $($script:microsoftDrivers.Count)",
            "Driver source",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
        )
    }
}

function Get-SelectedOfflineDriverItems {
    param([System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView[]]$Grids)

    $items = @()
    foreach ($Grid in $Grids) {
        foreach ($row in $Grid.Rows) {
            if ($row.Cells[0].Value -eq $true) {
                $path = $row.Tag
                if ($path -and ($path -is [string]) -and (Test-Path -LiteralPath $path -PathType Leaf)) {
                    $items += [PSCustomObject]@{
                        InfPath       = $path
                        InfName       = [string]$row.Cells[1].Value
                        DeviceName    = [string]$row.Cells[2].Value
                        ProviderName  = [string]$row.Cells[3].Value
                        Manufacturer  = [string]$row.Cells[4].Value
                        DriverVersion = [string]$row.Cells[5].Value
                        DriverDate    = [string]$row.Cells[6].Value
                        DeviceClass   = [string]$row.Cells[7].Value
                        DeviceID      = [string]$row.Cells[8].Value
                        Status        = [string]$row.Cells[9].Value
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return $items
}

function Copy-DirectoryContents {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][string]$Source,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)][string]$Destination
    )

    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $Destination -PathType Container)) {
        New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $Destination -Force | Out-Null
    }

    $children = @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $Source -Force -ErrorAction Stop)
    foreach ($child in $children) {
        Copy-Item -LiteralPath $child.FullName -Destination $Destination -Recurse -Force -ErrorAction Stop
    }
}

$rbCurrentWindows.Add_CheckedChanged({
    if ($rbCurrentWindows.Checked) {
        $txtOfflineWindows.Enabled = $false
        $btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Enabled = $false
        $chkShowNotPresent.Enabled = $true
        Load-DriverSource -Mode 'Current'
    }
})

$rbOfflineWindows.Add_CheckedChanged({
    if ($rbOfflineWindows.Checked) {
        $txtOfflineWindows.Enabled = $true
        $btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Enabled = $true
        $chkShowNotPresent.Enabled = $false
        $script:DriverSourceMode = 'Offline'
    }
})

$chkShowNotPresent.Add_CheckedChanged({
    if ($script:DriverSourceMode -eq 'Current' -and $rbCurrentWindows.Checked) {
        Load-DriverSource -Mode 'Current' -ShowMessage:$false
    }
})

$btnBrowseOfflineWindows.Add_Click({
    $dialog = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.FolderBrowserDialog
    $dialog.Description = "Select the offline Windows folder, for example D:\Windows"
    if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($txtOfflineWindows.Text) -and (Test-Path -LiteralPath $txtOfflineWindows.Text -PathType Container)) {
        $dialog.SelectedPath = $txtOfflineWindows.Text
    }

    if ($dialog.ShowDialog() -ne [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK) { return }
    $txtOfflineWindows.Text = $dialog.SelectedPath
    $rbOfflineWindows.Checked = $true
    Load-DriverSource -Mode 'Offline' -WindowsRoot $txtOfflineWindows.Text
})

$btnReloadSource.Add_Click({
    if ($rbOfflineWindows.Checked) {
        if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($txtOfflineWindows.Text)) {
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
                "Please select an offline Windows folder first, for example D:\Windows.",
                "Offline Windows",
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
            )
            return
        }
        Load-DriverSource -Mode 'Offline' -WindowsRoot $txtOfflineWindows.Text
    } else {
        Load-DriverSource -Mode 'Current'
    }
})

$btnBackup.Add_Click({
    if ($script:DriverSourceMode -eq 'Offline') {
        $items = @(Get-SelectedOfflineDriverItems -Grids @($gridThird, $gridMs))

        if (-not $items -or $items.Count -eq 0) {
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
                "You have not selected any offline driver package to backup.",
                "Warning",
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
                [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
            )
            return
        }

        $dialog = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.FolderBrowserDialog
        $dialog.Description = "Select the root folder where the offline driver packages will be copied"
        $dialog.SelectedPath = [Environment]::GetFolderPath("Desktop")
        if ($dialog.ShowDialog() -ne [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK) { return }

        $rootDest = $dialog.SelectedPath
        $okCount = 0
        $failCount = 0
        $errors = @()
        $total = $items.Count

        $progressForm = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
        $progressForm.Text = "Copying offline driver packages..."
        $progressForm.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(480, 150)
        $progressForm.StartPosition = 'CenterParent'
        $progressForm.FormBorderStyle = 'FixedDialog'
        Style-ProgressForm -Form $progressForm
        $progressForm.ControlBox = $false
        $progressForm.TopMost = $true

        $lblProg = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
        $lblProg.AutoSize = $true
        $lblProg.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 10)
        $lblProg.Text = "Copying offline driver packages... (0 of $total)"
        $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblProg)

        $pb = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar
        $pb.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 35)
        $pb.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(450, 20)
        $pb.Style = 'Continuous'
        $pb.Minimum = 0
        $pb.Maximum = $total
        $progressForm.Controls.Add($pb)

        $lblDetail = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
        $lblDetail.AutoSize = $true
        $lblDetail.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 65)
        $lblDetail.Text = "Current package: -"
        $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblDetail)

        $progressForm.Show()
        [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

        $index = 0

        try {
            foreach ($it in $items) {
                $index++
                $devLabel = if ($it.DeviceName) { $it.DeviceName } else { $it.InfName }

                $lblProg.Text   = "Copying offline driver packages... ($index of $total)"
                $lblDetail.Text = "Current package: $devLabel"
                if ($index -le $pb.Maximum) { $pb.Value = $index }
                [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

                try {
                    $infPath = $it.InfPath
                    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($infPath) -or -not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $infPath -PathType Leaf)) {
                        throw "INF not found: $infPath"
                    }

                    $packageFolder = Split-Path $infPath -Parent
                    $isMicrosoft = $false
                    if ($it.ProviderName -and ($it.ProviderName -like "*Microsoft*")) { $isMicrosoft = $true }

                    $vendorRootName = if ($isMicrosoft) { "Microsoft" } else { "ThirdParty" }
                    $vendorRootFolder = Join-Path $rootDest $vendorRootName

                    $catName = Get-CategoryName $it.DeviceClass
                    $catName = Sanitize-Name $catName
                    $catFolder = Join-Path $vendorRootFolder $catName

                    $provider = if ($it.ProviderName) { $it.ProviderName } else { "UnknownProvider" }
                    $device   = if ($it.DeviceName)   { $it.DeviceName }   else { "UnknownDevice" }
                    $infName  = if ($it.InfName)      { $it.InfName }      else { Split-Path $infPath -Leaf }

                    $folderNameRaw = "{0} - {1} [{2}]" -f $provider, $device, $infName
                    $folderName = Sanitize-Name $folderNameRaw
                    $driverDest = Join-Path $catFolder $folderName

                    Copy-DirectoryContents -Source $packageFolder -Destination $driverDest
                    $okCount++
                } catch {
                    $failCount++
                    $errors += "$($it.InfName) : $($_.Exception.Message)"
                }
            }
        } finally {
            if ($progressForm -and -not $progressForm.IsDisposed) {
                $progressForm.Close()
                $progressForm.Dispose()
            }
        }

        $msg = "Offline Windows folder: $script:OfflineWindowsRoot`nBackup root folder: $rootDest`n`nSuccessful: $okCount`nFailed: $failCount"
        if ($errors.Count -gt 0) { $msg += "`n`nErrors:`n" + ($errors -join "`n") }

        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            $msg,
            "Offline backup finished",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
        )
        return
    }

    $selected = @()
    $selected += Get-SelectedInfNames -Grid $gridThird
    $selected += Get-SelectedInfNames -Grid $gridMs
    $selected = $selected | Sort-Object -Unique

    if (-not $selected -or $selected.Count -eq 0) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "You have not selected any driver to backup.",
            "Warning",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
        )
        return
    }

    $dialog = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.FolderBrowserDialog
    $dialog.Description = "Select the root folder where the driver backups will be stored"
    $dialog.SelectedPath = [Environment]::GetFolderPath("Desktop")
    if ($dialog.ShowDialog() -ne [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK) { return }

    $rootDest = $dialog.SelectedPath
    $okCount = 0
    $failCount = 0
    $errors = @()

    $total = $selected.Count

    $progressForm = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
    $progressForm.Text = "Backing up drivers..."
    $progressForm.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(460, 150)
    $progressForm.StartPosition = 'CenterParent'
    $progressForm.FormBorderStyle = 'FixedDialog'
Style-ProgressForm -Form $progressForm
    $progressForm.ControlBox = $false
    $progressForm.TopMost = $true

    $lblProg = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
    $lblProg.AutoSize = $true
    $lblProg.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 10)
    $lblProg.Text = "Backing up drivers... (0 of $total)"
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblProg)

    $pb = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar
    $pb.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 35)
    $pb.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(430, 20)
    $pb.Style = 'Continuous'
    $pb.Minimum = 0
    $pb.Maximum = $total
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($pb)

    $lblDetail = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
    $lblDetail.AutoSize = $true
    $lblDetail.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 65)
    $lblDetail.Text = "Current device: -"
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblDetail)

    $progressForm.Show()
    [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

    $index = 0

    try {
        foreach ($inf in $selected) {
            $index++

            $drv = $null
            if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($inf)) {
                $drv = $driverByInf[$inf]
            }

            $devLabel = if ($drv -and $drv.DeviceName) {
                $drv.DeviceName
            } elseif ($drv -and $drv.ProviderName) {
                "$($drv.ProviderName) ($inf)"
            } else {
                "INF: $inf"
            }

            $lblProg.Text   = "Backing up drivers... ($index of $total)"
            $lblDetail.Text = "Current device: $devLabel"
            if ($index -le $pb.Maximum) { $pb.Value = $index }
            [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

            if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($inf)) {
                $failCount++
                $errors += "NULL INF: cannot export this entry."
                continue
            }

            if ($null -eq $drv) {
                $failCount++
                $errors += "$inf : Driver metadata not found."
                continue
            }

            $isMicrosoft = $false
            if ($drv.ProviderName -and ($drv.ProviderName -like "*Microsoft*")) { $isMicrosoft = $true }

            $vendorRootName   = if ($isMicrosoft) { "Microsoft" } else { "ThirdParty" }
            $vendorRootFolder = Join-Path $rootDest $vendorRootName

            $catName   = Get-CategoryName $drv.DeviceClass
            $catName   = Sanitize-Name $catName
            $catFolder = Join-Path $vendorRootFolder $catName

            $provider = if ($drv.ProviderName) { $drv.ProviderName } else { "UnknownProvider" }
            $device   = if ($drv.DeviceName)   { $drv.DeviceName }   else { "UnknownDevice" }

            $folderNameRaw = "{0} - {1} [{2}]" -f $provider, $device, $drv.InfName
            $folderName    = Sanitize-Name $folderNameRaw
            $driverDest    = Join-Path $catFolder $folderName

            try {
                if (-not (Test-Path $driverDest)) {
                    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $driverDest -Force | Out-Null
                }

                $psi = New-Object System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo
                $psi.FileName = "pnputil.exe"
                $psi.Arguments = "/export-driver `"$inf`" `"$driverDest`""
                $psi.CreateNoWindow = $true
                $psi.UseShellExecute = $false
                $psi.RedirectStandardOutput = $true
                $psi.RedirectStandardError  = $true

                $proc = [System.Diagnostics.Process]::Start($psi)
                $proc.WaitForExit()

                if ($proc.ExitCode -eq 0) {
                    $okCount++
                } else {
                    $failCount++
                    $err = $proc.StandardError.ReadToEnd()
                    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($err)) {
                        $err = $proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd()
                    }
                    $errors += "$inf : $err"
                }
            } catch {
                $failCount++
                $errors += "$inf : $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
    } finally {
        if ($progressForm -and -not $progressForm.IsDisposed) {
            $progressForm.Close()
            $progressForm.Dispose()
        }
    }

    $msg = "Backup root folder: $rootDest`n`nSuccessful: $okCount`nFailed: $failCount"
    if ($errors.Count -gt 0) {
        $msg += "`n`nErrors:`n" + ($errors -join "`n")
    }

    [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
        $msg,
        "Backup finished",
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
    )
})

$btnSelectRestore.Add_Click({
    $dialog = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.FolderBrowserDialog
    $dialog.Description = "Select the backup root folder to scan for INF files (subfolders will be scanned)"
    $dialog.SelectedPath = [Environment]::GetFolderPath("Desktop")

    if ($dialog.ShowDialog() -ne [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK) { return }

    $script:RestoreRoot = $dialog.SelectedPath

    $drivers = @(Get-RestoreDriversFromFolder -RootFolder $script:RestoreRoot)

    if (-not $drivers -or $drivers.Count -eq 0) {
        $gridRestore.Rows.Clear()
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "No INF files were found under:`n$($script:RestoreRoot)",
            "Restore",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
        )
        return
    }

    Populate-Grid -Grid $gridRestore -Drivers $drivers -DefaultChecked $false
})

$btnInstall.Add_Click({
    $items = @(Get-SelectedRestoreItems -Grid $gridRestore)

    if (-not $items -or $items.Count -eq 0) {
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
            "You have not selected any driver to install.",
            "Warning",
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
            [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Warning
        )
        return
    }

    $okCount = 0
    $failCount = 0
    $errors = @()
    $total = $items.Count

    $progressForm = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
    $progressForm.Text = "Installing drivers..."
    $progressForm.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(460, 150)
    $progressForm.StartPosition = 'CenterParent'
    $progressForm.FormBorderStyle = 'FixedDialog'
Style-ProgressForm -Form $progressForm
    $progressForm.ControlBox = $false
    $progressForm.TopMost = $true

    $lblProg = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
    $lblProg.AutoSize = $true
    $lblProg.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 10)
    $lblProg.Text = "Installing drivers... (0 of $total)"
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblProg)

    $pb = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar
    $pb.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 35)
    $pb.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(430, 20)
    $pb.Style = 'Continuous'
    $pb.Minimum = 0
    $pb.Maximum = $total
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($pb)

    $lblDetail = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
    $lblDetail.AutoSize = $true
    $lblDetail.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(12, 65)
    $lblDetail.Text = "Current device: -"
    $progressForm.Controls.Add($lblDetail)

    $progressForm.Show()
    [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

    $index = 0

    try {
        foreach ($it in $items) {
            $index++

            $infPath = $it.InfPath
            $devLabel = if ($it.DeviceName) { $it.DeviceName } else { $it.InfName }

            $lblProg.Text   = "Installing drivers... ($index of $total)"
            $lblDetail.Text = "Current device: $devLabel"
            if ($index -le $pb.Maximum) { $pb.Value = $index }
            [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::DoEvents()

            if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($infPath) -or -not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $infPath -PathType Leaf)) {
                $failCount++
                $errors += "$($it.InfName) : INF not found: $infPath"
                continue
            }

            try {
                $psi = New-Object System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo
                $psi.FileName = "pnputil.exe"
                $psi.Arguments = "/add-driver `"$infPath`" /install"
                $psi.CreateNoWindow = $true
                $psi.UseShellExecute = $false
                $psi.RedirectStandardOutput = $true
                $psi.RedirectStandardError  = $true

                $proc = [System.Diagnostics.Process]::Start($psi)
                $proc.WaitForExit()

                if ($proc.ExitCode -eq 0) {
                    $okCount++
                } else {
                    $failCount++
                    $err = $proc.StandardError.ReadToEnd()
                    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($err)) {
                        $err = $proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd()
                    }
                    $errors += "$($it.InfName) : $err"
                }
            } catch {
                $failCount++
                $errors += "$($it.InfName) : $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
    } finally {
        if ($progressForm -and -not $progressForm.IsDisposed) {
            $progressForm.Close()
            $progressForm.Dispose()
        }
    }

    $msg = "Selected restore folder: $script:RestoreRoot`n`nSuccessful: $okCount`nFailed: $failCount"
    if ($errors.Count -gt 0) { $msg += "`n`nErrors:`n" + ($errors -join "`n") }

    [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show(
        $msg,
        "Install finished",
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons]::OK,
        [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxIcon]::Information
    )
})

[void]$form.ShowDialog()